The Mauna Loa Observatory interrupts its observations due to the volcanic eruption, but the atmospheric CO₂ monitoring at global scale goes on

¹E. Cuevas,¹P.P. Rivas, ¹O.E. García, ¹R. Ramos and ²S.F. León-Luis

¹Izaña Atmospheric Research Centre (IARC), State Meteorological Agency of Spain (AEMET), Spain

²TRAGSATEC, Spain

Contact: ecuevasa@aemet.es

The eruption of the Mauna Loa volcano on the island of Hawaii (USA) has forced the interruption of the activity of the world's most important observatory for monitoring atmospheric composition. The Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) holds the world's longest record of surface atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) measurements. In March 1958, C. David Keeling of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (https://scripps.ucsd.edu/) implemented the CO₂ observing program at a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) facility [1]. In May 1974, NOAA started its own CO₂ measurement program and since then both observing programs have been operating in parallel [2,3]. The graph that shows the evolution of the CO₂ concentration in MLO since 1958 is known as the Keeling curve.

Although the ongoing volcanic eruption at Mauna Loa has caused the MLO data series to be temporarily interrupted since November 29, atmospheric CO₂ monitoring has not been interrupted. NOAA itself, apart from Mauna Loa, manages three other continuous CO₂ measurement stations under background conditions (Barrow-Alaska; American-Samoa; and South Pole-Antarctica). On a global scale, more than a hundred stations currently measure CO₂ in sites representative of very different environmental conditions and climates, contributing to the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Program of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).   Moreover, Europe manages the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) research infrastructure whose network of 150 stations monitor CO₂ and other gases in the atmosphere, oceans and major ecosystems.

As an example, and to show that the information on CO₂ concentrations in the atmosphere provided by Mauna Loa is also provided by other stations, below we compare the CO₂ concentration data recorded at MLO and at the Izaña Observatory (IZO) from 1984. IZO is managed by the State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) through the Izaña Atmospheric Research Center. IZO began its atmospheric CO₂ concentration measurement program in 1984, largely by replicating the CO₂ measurement program established at Mauna Loa. In fact, the German researchers who, a decade earlier, had proposed Izaña as a station for the Background Atmospheric Pollution Monitoring Network (BAPMoN) referred to Izaña as the “European Mauna-Loa”. IZO has contributed to the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Program of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) since 1989, the year this network was created, but also to the NOAA CO₂ database (ObsPack CO2 Data).

IZO and MLO are part of a small group of high mountain stations that are representative of background conditions, and specifically of the subtropical region. The background stations are located in sites not directly affected by anthropogenic pollution sources, and one of their main objectives is to measure, very precisely, long-term changes in atmospheric components. MLO and IZO share a series of common characteristics such as being located in high mountains, on islands sufficiently far from anthropogenic pollution, and located at a similar latitude. This type of station ensures that, for many hours a day, CO₂ measurements are carried out under background conditions, corresponding to almost pure free troposphere. When the average monthly CO₂ concentrations of both stations, separated from each other by more than 13,000 km, are compared, it is observed how their data practically overlaps (Figure 1). This is only possible if both stations are measuring very clean air masses, normally coming from the middle layers of the troposphere, and the fact that CO₂ has a very long life, which allows it to mix well throughout the atmosphere.

The monthly series of IZO and MLO reproduce in the same way the seasonal variation of CO₂ associated with the respiration cycle of the vegetation in the northern hemisphere. So, the annual CO₂ maximum in spring, between the end of April and the beginning of May. However, it must be said that the amplitude of the seasonal CO₂ cycle is slightly different in both observatories, as shown in the zoomed detail of Figure 1. IZO presents a slightly greater seasonal amplitude than MLO because it is located about 8° latitude further north (there is a latitudinal gradient with higher CO₂ concentration at higher latitudes), and at a shorter distance than MLO from continental regions, so IZO measurements would be slightly more affected by the photosynthetic activity of plants. Instead, MLO located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean is less affected by this natural cycle of CO₂.

Figure 1. Mean monthly CO₂ concentration (ppm) measured at Izaña (red) and Mauna Loa (black) Observatories under background conditions and seasonally fitted data (blue and green, respectively) for each station. In the zoomed image it can be seen how the seasonal cycle of IZO has a slightly greater amplitude and a slight lag with respect to that of MLO.

Although the natural seasonal cycle in the two stations is slightly different, the fitting curves of the deseasonalized data series for both stations overlap as shown in Figure 1. These rising CO₂ curves represent the anthropogenic component of atmospheric CO₂, that is, the observed increase in CO₂ from year to year is due to CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere from fossil fuels burning. Both stations show the same mean annual increase in background CO₂ concentration, confirming that this process occurs on a global scale.

Table 1 shows the mean annual increases in CO₂ evaluated in different periods of time. Both stations indicate, in almost the same way, how the accumulation of CO₂ in the atmosphere is accelerating. If in the 1980s the average annual increase in the background concentration of CO₂ was approximately 1.3 ppm/year, it is currently somewhat higher than 2.5 ppm/year. In other words, the rate of increase of CO₂ grows an average of 1 ppm/year every 25 years approximately.

 

Table 1. Mean annual increase in background CO₂ concentration (ppm/year) in IZO and MLO for different time periods.

 

 

 

 

 

This means that international commitments to reduce CO₂ emissions have not been met, registering an increase in CO₂ and other greenhouse gas emissions globally. Even if CO₂ emissions were to stabilize or decrease, it would take quite a long time to register a change in the trend of atmospheric CO₂ concentration.

IZO and MLO are part of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Program of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). In January 2021, Spain officially joined the European research infrastructure Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS), where IZO was proposed as the first atmospheric station of the Spanish node. The national network, ICOS-Spain, is in a process of growth and, for this, it has incorporated the atmospheric station of El Arenosillo-Huelva (INTA) into its network in 2022. In 2023 the ecosystem station of Majadas de Tiétar and the oceanic station ESTOC will be incorporated.

References:

[1] Keeling, C.D., Bacastow, R.B., Bainbridge, A.E., Ekdahl, C.A., Jr., Guenther, P.R., Waterman, L.S. and Chin, J.F.S. (1976), Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. Tellus, 28: 538-551. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1976.tb00701.x

[2] Thoning, K. W., P. P. Tans and W.D. Komhyr, (1989), Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory 2. Analysis of the NOAA GMCC Data, 1974-1985, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 94, D6, 8549-8565, JD094iD06p0854

[3] https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/

[4] http://172.24.36.135/node/36